The historical emergence of Rome is very prosaic: descended into the valley of the mountain shepherds and settled on the Palatine hill. After the settlement, incurred in the surrounding Palatine hills, united and surrounded themselves with a fortified wall. Thus arose Rome, and it was in 753 BC.
However, the ancient tradition, writes Professor of Moscow University, EV Fedorova, argues that the Romans in ancient times knew: 753 BC - the date is very conditional. People here lived in the times so long that the Romans had on them is very vague idea. According to ancient authors, the first leaders of the natives who lived on the territory of the future of Rome, were the gods Janus (two-faced god of beginning and end, entry and exit) and Saturn - the god of crops and fertility.
Saturn was a man of such high-ranking justice that no one with him was not a slave and did not own private property, but for all it was a common and indivisible, as though all had a single property.
In this picture, drawn by writer Justin II century, one can see the features of primitive society, but then came the evil god Jupiter and Saturn with a good cast out of his hill, which is now called the Capitol, and was formerly known as Saturnov. Further, according to the ancient Romans, the story has developed since. After Jupiter′s reign on Capitol Hill was the Faun, in whose profits in these places foreigners. They settled on a nearby hill, which was named Pallantionom may appear here later and called the Palatine.
Soon after the intruders appeared alone - led by Heracles - and settled on Capitol Hill. Marika, daughter Faune, gave birth to a son of Heracles Latina, who reigned for 35 years, when in Rome next new settlers arrived. It was the Trojans led by Aeneas, who after the defeat of the Trojans went to look for new places to settle.
Check Trojans ancient Romans considered an indisputable fact, and were convinced of this so strongly that the Roman writer and poet, philosopher and historian Titus Livius precisely this fact, begins his famous "History of Rome."
"Aeneas, driven from home ... misfortune, but driven by fate to another, more great undertakings, arrived first in Macedonia, and from there ... is listed was in Sicily, from Sicily on the ships sent their way in Lavrentskuyu area ... Landed here the Trojans, who after endless wanderings nothing left, except weapons and ships, steel steal cattle from the fields. King Latinus and the aborigines, who owned then these places, come together with weapons from the city and from the fields to repel intruders.
Further story is told in different ways, but one version of the broken in the battle of King Latinus made with Eneem world and even gave his daughter Lavinia to marry him.
After the death of Latina in a battle with troops of the king Rutuli Turnus, whom had previously been betrothed Lavinia, local residents were under the rule of Aeneas and merged with the Trojans in a single nation.
One of the descendants of Aeneas removed from the elder brother, killed his sons and daughter Rhea Silvia made a priestess and doomed to celibacy. However, she gave birth to two babies, Romulus and Remus, and declared that their father is the god Mars. Livy with his usual sagacity remarks in this connection: "Or she really thought so, or said it because God, as the perpetrator of the crime looked like a few more decent than a mere mortal." However, the paternity of Mars made no impression on the villain Amuli - he concluded Rhea Silvia in custody, and infant twins ordered thrown into the Tiber, which was done.
But the twins ashore under a fig tree, on Rumina - goddess of feeding infants. There they were protected and fed the woodpecker and wolf, and then the children found the shepherd Faustulus, who along with his wife reared them.
As adults and learn about their origins, the twin brothers gathered a detachment of fugitives and bandits, killed Amulius and returned power to his grandfather Numitoru, while they themselves have decided to establish a new city. The brothers, who were waiting for the necessary undertaking of any business sign of divine will, were the hawks: six - bumps on the Aventine and twelve - Romulo on the Palatine, that foreshadowed twelve centuries of existence of the city.
Rem envied preferences extended by his brother, stood over him and make fun of the quarrel had broken out was killed. Romulus founded the city, gave him his name and became its first king. To increase the population of the city, Romulus established in the sacred grove of the god Constantinople shelter for runaways, freemen and slaves, who were the masses to flock to a new city.
Nearby tribes did not want to marry them for their daughters, and then Romulus invited to a feast in honor of the god Konsa neighboring Sabines with their wives and children and ordered the Romans to the appointed sign of miss the girls.
The Romans believed in the historical existence of Romulus, as evidenced by the following fact. At the turn of the I century BC, and I century AD, Caesar Augustus, the founder of the Roman Empire, commanded a new square in Rome - Forum of Augustus. He decorated it with statues of the great Romans, but on their pedestals ordered to make Elohim - the official honorary inscriptions. At the same time copies of these statues were placed in other cities of Italy, and to this day in Pompeii survived Elohim Romulus.
Romulus, son of Mars, founded the city of Rome and regulations 38 years.
He, being the first commander, killing the leader of the enemies of Akron, king tseninov, has devoted his armor taken from Jupiter Feretriyu and adopted (after death) among the gods, called Quirinius.
Although the legendary tradition claims that Romulus ascended directly to heaven, but in Rome there was his grave, which mention the ancient writers. Among the many monuments which adorned the Roman Forum, was also a mysterious Lapis niger - "black stone", dug during excavations in 1839. Not far from the arch of Septimius Severus, archaeologists have discovered something like a cave, covered in black marble, and inside it - the foundations of some pedestals and columns. Scientists have suggested that the sanctuary is very ancient, and its antiquity is confirmed by small idols (made of clay and bone), bones of animals and a stove with an archaic inscription. Rough letters going from right to left inscriptions were similar to the Greek and Etruscan letters, but from the inscription preserved only one phrase: "Let there be sacred". That this tomb, on which stood two stone lions, and the Romans believed the tomb of Romulus.
Rome since Romulus was located only on two hills: on the Palatine lived the true Romans, and settled on the Capitol Sabina. The space between the hills, surrounded by swamps at the time, served as a venue for their gatherings and meetings. At this point later and was formed Forum - the most wonderful place of all places of ancient Rome.
Many scientists believed that the "imperial" period in the history of Rome - a complete fabrication, without any real justification. However, the first archaeological survey in Rome have shaken that belief, and XX century excavations found that the earliest places of worship appeared in the city between 720 and 630 years BC, which is consistent with the ancient tradition. Ancient sources report that the second Roman king Numa Pompilius, a learned man (that is versed in religion and magic), established in Rome, priestly colleges, introduced the worship of new gods, and built a shrine in honor of the two-faced god Janus and Vesta - goddess of fire in the hearth.
In artistic terms the Romans were heavily dependent on its neighbors of the Etruscans, who had then a higher material culture. During excavations, archaeologists have discovered in Rome are so many Etruscan objects that some scientists have concluded that the Romans in those times were under the rule of Etruscan kings, though Livy and other authors of this do not say anything. But largely it was the Etruscans the Romans owe the fact that they became great masters of sculptural portraits, they have they have learned and the many methods of construction.
According to ancient legend, in the VI century BC in Rome, worked as an outstanding Etruscan master Valka - the only one whose name has reached us.
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Photo: "Legends of the Eternal |
At the end of VI century BC, the Romans abolished in his royal power and established a republic. At the time of the famous Forum visibly changed its appearance, becomes the center of political, social and religious life of Rome. He was decorated with magnificent buildings, there were speakers on a daily basis, meet in the Roman Senate, here flushed with victory triumphalists received awards from the people and here fate of the whole ancient world.
The Forum was located Komitsium - a platform for people′s assemblies, next to him is a Curia (place of meetings of the Senate) and Grekostatis, where he was a shelter outlandish ambassadors. The outskirts of the Forum held a temple of Janus, Regia - home of the high priest, sanctuary Juturna - Goddess of healing waters, Volkanal - a sanctuary of the god of fire and the round temple of Vesta. Of the few buildings survived until the end of empire: many times rebuilt the temple of Vesta and the house Vestals, and the source of Juturna came to us in the ruins of the imperial era. Only oratorical platform, several times changed its location at the Forum, the Temple of inextinguishable fire, change their decorations and form, have lived the history of the Forum.
Roman Forum existed until 1080 and then was destroyed by warriors R. Giskarda who were dissatisfied with their invited the Pope Gregory VII. As a sign of their disappointments, they destroyed many buildings, turning them into ruins. For a long time after the Forum served as a dumping ground, and only the middle of the XVI century, Pope Paul III ordered to dig a forum - but not in order to unearth its majestic buildings, and to extract from the ground marble and other materials.
History of the Roman Republic - is the story of the victories of the Roman arms. The war was for the Romans natural state, and the wooden doors of the temple of the god Janus almost always open in a sign that God himself spoke to the aid of the legionnaires. Over time, Rome crepe and growing, neighboring tribes one after the other obeyed its power, and after five centuries, the whole of Italy was already in his hands. The victorious Roman armies began to gradually move the border of Italy and conquer is not the individual tribes, and entire states. Victory followed one after another, and soon the dominion of Rome spread almost the entire known world when the Europeans. And then followed the decline and death of Roman culture, and all periods in the history of the city was left in his guise of their traces.
Monuments of Rome are innumerable, for a full examination of their little human life.
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Photo: "Legends of the Eternal |
Rome is often called the "City of Fountains", and indeed it is. Fountains add a unique charm to large and small squares of Rome. For example, a world-famous Trevi Fountain consistently receives thousands of tourists to throw a coin into it, which again will lead them to Rome. And not far from the Trevi, the Piazza Navona, is adorned with the sculptor Bernini′s Fountain of LA with gigantic figures personifying the gods of the greatest rivers of the world. And you must tell a funny story here.
Even before the L. Bernini created his brilliant work, his rival, the architect Barromini, built on the area of the church of Santa Agnese with Madonna at the top. L. Bernini was very dissatisfied with this construction, which, in his opinion, his unpretentious spoiled ensemble area. Therefore, one of the shapes of its fountain, located just opposite the church, he gave an expression of horror.
Barromini came to irritation of jokes and sculptor in Rome dismissed rumors that the water from the fountain will not be beat. L. Bernini very worried, because not very versed in the mathematical calculations. He learned that the correct calculation scheme Barromini hides under lock and key in his workshop, a sculptor and then asked his own young and handsome student get acquainted with the servant of the architect ...
When many people gathered at the opening of the fountain, he scored in full force. Covered in shame Barromini in retaliation wrote a scathing epigram L. Bernini, which appeared on the pedestal of the monument so-called Pasquino, who humbly stands on the corner of a quiet street adjacent to the Piazza Navona.
In the XV century, lived in Rome gay tailor Pasquino, who deftly mastered not only scissors and needle, but also composed an epigram on the evil rich nobles and clergy. Citizens roar with laughter while reading another "paskuinatu. Inquisition repeatedly tried to undermine the rebel and wit, but he was so clever, that managed to live long and died a natural death among the children of the household and in very old age.
When after the death of Pasquino his house was demolished, then under the floor of an ancient statue found without a nose, knows how got there.
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Photo: "Legends of the Eternal |
Centuries of legends and tied byley, stories and real events amazing lace funny and sad, fantastic and truthful. The story goes that in ancient times to distinguish truth from lies in Rome was very simple.
Under the portico of an old Roman church of Santa Maria in Kosmedin still protected as a relic, built into the wall a large stone circle with the image of bared mouth newt. Man, the truth of the words which doubts were forced "to put his hand into the mouth of truth" and to repeat the testimony. If he lied, then ... deprived of his hands. The reason lay in the fact that in ancient times through the wall stood the executioner, who cut off the hands of those in whose guilt there was no doubt.
None of the land of another such city, which had accumulated so much monuments of various cultures. The most interesting thing in Rome - it is just the remnants of the magnificent ancient times, the monuments of bygone events. All over the city next to modern buildings scattered ruins of ancient temples and stadiums, palaces and public buildings. Rome - special city, a huge museum in which to delight tourists wander, often forget about Rome today.
In one of his poetic improvisations French writer FR Chateaubriand said that it is impossible to look at ancient Rome and not going over in my head of its history, at least twenty centuries. Then glide across in front of you and the old sabinets with his wooden sandals, and a Roman senator, the whole covered with purple; your imagination be presented creepy old wagon Wolski and proudly racing a Roman chariot victor or a charmer ... Here you will pass by a rhetorician or orator, hurrying to the national mock trial or in school ... The blood of the first Christian martyrs spilled in front of you, and life-giving first papal tiara zableschet before you a symbol of liberation ... All have long since entered into an irrepressible struggle with this, and where the limit of this inexhaustible imagination?
